Focus on social reform, suffrage, and women’s rights; writers like Willa Cather and Edith Wharton.

Reflected rapid industrialization and social stratification; prominent figures like Edith Wharton.

Literature focused on social reform and abolitionism; writers like Louisa May Alcott and Emily Dickinson.

Era focused on philosophical and literary experimentation; Margaret Fuller was a notable figure.

Period of literary experimentation and increasing engagement with political movements.

Exploration of Irish identity post-independence and the rise of a new literary consciousness.

Period of Irish literary nationalism, with writers such as Lady Gregory and W.B. Yeats.

Focused on Gaelic culture and early nationalistic themes; writers like Maria Edgeworth.

Focus on societal transition, early feminism, and modernist thought; Virginia Woolf was a key figure.

Writers explored social reform, suffrage, and changing gender roles, with figures like Elizabeth Barrett Browning.

Literature often reflected moral responsibility, gender roles, and industrial society; key figures like George Eliot.

Emphasis on individual emotion, nature, and imagination; prominent women writers included Mary Shelley and the Brontës.

Period of World War I and early fascist movements; writers began exploring complex themes of identity and modernity.

Literature reflecting challenges of modernization, industrialization, and social reforms.

Period of Italian unification; literature often focused on national identity and independence.

Early period with emerging calls for independence; writers often addressed social and political issues.